excavation n. 1.开凿;发掘;挖掘;挖土,剜通。 2.穴,洞;坑道,开凿成的山路。 3.【考古】出土文物,发掘物。
manual adj. 1.手的,手作的,手工的,用手操作的;便于手头应用的。 2.【法律】现有的。 manual labour 手工劳动。 a manual worker 体力劳动者。 the manual alphabet (聋哑人用的)手语字母。 a manual fire-engine 手压灭火机。 manual training (学校的)手工学科〔特指木工〕。 manual exercises 刀枪操练。 a sign manual签名,亲笔署名。 n. 1.手册;说明书;便览;指南,宝鉴;教本;(中世纪的)祈祷书。 2.【军事】刀枪操练。 3.【音乐】键盘。 4.手压灭火机。 a school manual教科书。 the service manual维修守则,使用细则。 adv. -ly 用手;亲自,实际。
The paper analyzes the effect of three cultivation measures of contour cropping , manual excavation and manual hoeing to the reduction of run - off energy and erosion based on office artificial rainfall testing 摘要在室内人工降雨试验的基础上,分析了等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕3项耕作措施对径流能量的削减作用和减蚀作用。
The paper draws some valuable conclusions : the limited bearing capacity of manual excavation filling pile is much higher than the limited bearing capacity of machine drilled filling pile ; through grouting injection around the pile shaft , the pile bearing capacity can be effectively improved ; proportion of resistance force around the pile side in total load is much larger than that of pressure on the pile tip , and the intensity of resistance force around the pile side is 30 - 50kpa on average 得出一些有价值的结论:人工挖孔灌注桩的极限承载力明显高于钻孔灌注桩的极限承载力;地下水位对桩基承载力有显著影响;利用桩侧注浆可有效提高桩的承载力;桩侧摩阻力所占总荷载的比例远大于桩底压力,桩侧土的摩阻强度平均值为30 50kpa 。